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.S.military.109 110 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARSenator John J.Crittenden of Kentucky offered a proposalin an attempt to avert the crisis.The so-called Crittenden Com-promise proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution.Crittenden hoped these amendments would appease the South.The amendments were to guarantee the legality of slavery inSouthern states, while another guaranteed fugitive-slave lawenforcement.The key part of the Crittenden Compromise,The Politics of SecessionAfter Lincoln won the 1860 election, states in the Deep Southbegan to secede.States in the Upper South, however, such asVirginia, at first adopted a wait-and-see approach to the situation.The Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union on April17, 1861, but there were many within the state who did not wantto leave the Union.This was especially true for the western coun-ties of Virginia.The terrain was mountainous and very few of theresidents there owned slaves.The Virginia voting public overwhelmingly voted in favor ofsecession on May 23, ratifying actions the legislature had taken amonth earlier.The western counties of Virginia strongly opposedsecession, voting 2 to 1 to stay in the Union.These same countiescast more than half the votes against secession in the referen-dum.Virginia, however, had already left the Union and joined theConfederacy.The western counties of Virginia then took steps to secede fromVirginia.These counties elected representatives who met in Wheel-ing and established a government.The western counties electedtheir own governor and legislature and even sent their senators toWashington.This government claimed to be the legitimate gov-erning authority over the state of Virginia.In October 1861, in an Secession and the Coming War 111however, was the re-establishment of the 36° 30' line of the Mis-souri Compromise.Crittenden proposed that the 36° 30' line beextended in all U.S.territory currently held or acquired in thefuture.In other words, slavery would be allowed south of theline and prohibited north of it.Understandably, representatives from the border stateswere supportive of the plan, which received mixed reactionselection with very low turnout, the western counties voted to formtheir own state.(Many later argued that the presence of Uniontroops prevented those favoring secession to vote.) At first, officialswere going to name this state Kanawha, after one of the counties.The convention later decided to call the new state West Virginia.A convention to draw up a constitution was held later in theyear.The convention included some strange situations, includ-ing an instance in which a delegate lived in one district, but rep-resented another.This convention produced a constitution andasked Congress and the president to admit West Virginia as a newstate.Congress approved, and Lincoln endorsed the application onDecember 31, 1862, but the president added one requirement: Theconstitution had to provide for the gradual abolition of slavery.Thestate convention met again and inserted the necessary wording.Inlate March 1862, West Virginia ratified its revised constitution.OnApril 20, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation admit-ting West Virginia into the Union, effective on June 20, 1863.WestVirginia was now a state.Following the war, the Commonwealth of Virginia sued to re-claim West Virginia on the grounds that secession was unconsti-tutional.This was ironic, considering that West Virginia secededfrom Virginia after Virginia had seceded from the Union.The U.S.Supreme Court ruled in 1870 that West Virginia had followedeach of the steps necessary to become a state as outlined in theConstitution.Therefore, the Court determined that the admissionof West Virginia into the Union was constitutional. 112 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARfrom the rest of the states.Apparently, Southern senators of-fered to support the compromise if Republicans would alsoagree to support it.This was a bold request, considering the Re-publican Party was founded upon the idea that slavery shouldnot be allowed to expand.After the election and before thepresident-elect took office, Republican leaders met privatelywith Lincoln, still in Springfield, Illinois, and decided to rejectthe compromise.Just six weeks after Lincoln s election, on December 20,1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union.In January, Mis-sissippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana also seceded,followed by Texas on February 1.The seven states then tooksteps to form a new government and elected their leaders.Jef-ferson Davis took the oath of office as president of the Confed-erate States of America on February 18, 1861, two weeks beforeLincoln s inauguration.The ceremony took place on the stepsof the Alabama state Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama.Oneweek after Lincoln was sworn in, on March 11, the ConfederateStates of America adopted its constitution.The C.S.A.Constitu-tion was essentially the same as the U.S.Constitution, thoughit notably guaranteed the right to own slaves and denied theConfederate Congress the power to limit slavery in states orterritories.PRESIDENT LINCOLNOn March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office, be-coming the sixteenth president of the United States.He facedthe most daunting constitutional crisis in the nation s history [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.S.military.109 110 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARSenator John J.Crittenden of Kentucky offered a proposalin an attempt to avert the crisis.The so-called Crittenden Com-promise proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution.Crittenden hoped these amendments would appease the South.The amendments were to guarantee the legality of slavery inSouthern states, while another guaranteed fugitive-slave lawenforcement.The key part of the Crittenden Compromise,The Politics of SecessionAfter Lincoln won the 1860 election, states in the Deep Southbegan to secede.States in the Upper South, however, such asVirginia, at first adopted a wait-and-see approach to the situation.The Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union on April17, 1861, but there were many within the state who did not wantto leave the Union.This was especially true for the western coun-ties of Virginia.The terrain was mountainous and very few of theresidents there owned slaves.The Virginia voting public overwhelmingly voted in favor ofsecession on May 23, ratifying actions the legislature had taken amonth earlier.The western counties of Virginia strongly opposedsecession, voting 2 to 1 to stay in the Union.These same countiescast more than half the votes against secession in the referen-dum.Virginia, however, had already left the Union and joined theConfederacy.The western counties of Virginia then took steps to secede fromVirginia.These counties elected representatives who met in Wheel-ing and established a government.The western counties electedtheir own governor and legislature and even sent their senators toWashington.This government claimed to be the legitimate gov-erning authority over the state of Virginia.In October 1861, in an Secession and the Coming War 111however, was the re-establishment of the 36° 30' line of the Mis-souri Compromise.Crittenden proposed that the 36° 30' line beextended in all U.S.territory currently held or acquired in thefuture.In other words, slavery would be allowed south of theline and prohibited north of it.Understandably, representatives from the border stateswere supportive of the plan, which received mixed reactionselection with very low turnout, the western counties voted to formtheir own state.(Many later argued that the presence of Uniontroops prevented those favoring secession to vote.) At first, officialswere going to name this state Kanawha, after one of the counties.The convention later decided to call the new state West Virginia.A convention to draw up a constitution was held later in theyear.The convention included some strange situations, includ-ing an instance in which a delegate lived in one district, but rep-resented another.This convention produced a constitution andasked Congress and the president to admit West Virginia as a newstate.Congress approved, and Lincoln endorsed the application onDecember 31, 1862, but the president added one requirement: Theconstitution had to provide for the gradual abolition of slavery.Thestate convention met again and inserted the necessary wording.Inlate March 1862, West Virginia ratified its revised constitution.OnApril 20, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation admit-ting West Virginia into the Union, effective on June 20, 1863.WestVirginia was now a state.Following the war, the Commonwealth of Virginia sued to re-claim West Virginia on the grounds that secession was unconsti-tutional.This was ironic, considering that West Virginia secededfrom Virginia after Virginia had seceded from the Union.The U.S.Supreme Court ruled in 1870 that West Virginia had followedeach of the steps necessary to become a state as outlined in theConstitution.Therefore, the Court determined that the admissionof West Virginia into the Union was constitutional. 112 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARfrom the rest of the states.Apparently, Southern senators of-fered to support the compromise if Republicans would alsoagree to support it.This was a bold request, considering the Re-publican Party was founded upon the idea that slavery shouldnot be allowed to expand.After the election and before thepresident-elect took office, Republican leaders met privatelywith Lincoln, still in Springfield, Illinois, and decided to rejectthe compromise.Just six weeks after Lincoln s election, on December 20,1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union.In January, Mis-sissippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana also seceded,followed by Texas on February 1.The seven states then tooksteps to form a new government and elected their leaders.Jef-ferson Davis took the oath of office as president of the Confed-erate States of America on February 18, 1861, two weeks beforeLincoln s inauguration.The ceremony took place on the stepsof the Alabama state Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama.Oneweek after Lincoln was sworn in, on March 11, the ConfederateStates of America adopted its constitution.The C.S.A.Constitu-tion was essentially the same as the U.S.Constitution, thoughit notably guaranteed the right to own slaves and denied theConfederate Congress the power to limit slavery in states orterritories.PRESIDENT LINCOLNOn March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office, be-coming the sixteenth president of the United States.He facedthe most daunting constitutional crisis in the nation s history [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]