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.file:///K|/eMule/Incoming/Flint,%20Eric%20-%20Ring%20.Gazette%20Vol%204%20(.html%20v3.0)/1011250008__10.htm (7 of 31)4-1-2007 2:19:52 - Chapter 10The Trinidadian reservoirs, when intact, have a high gas pressure.That is both good news (initialproduction can be high) and bad news (the well may blow wild, wasting oil and blasting casing, toolsand rocks into the air).It became customary to keep an emergency crew on hand, armed with pumps,shovels and picks.Venezuela also has a great deal of oil; in 1996 it ranked sixth worldwide in proven oil reserves.Its oil isalready known to down-timers; "the first oil exported from Venezuela (in 1539) was intended as a gouttreatment for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles." At Guanoco you can find the Bermudez Asphalt Lake,covering 1,100 acres with an average depth of six feet.In what would have become the United States, were it not for the Ring of Fire, oil and natural gas can befound in the Appalachian mountains (Pennsylvania and West Virginia), in the midcontinent region(Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas), in the Rocky mountains (Coloradoand Wyoming), in California, and in Alaska.(There is also oil in Alberta, Canada.)In our own timeline, beginning in 1638, the New Sweden Company established colonies in modernDelaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland.It is possible that a similar venture in the 163xtimeline could exploit the petroleum of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but it is doubtful that it wouldbe economical for them to ship it back to USE.Still, an advantage of an American expedition is that theGrantville Public Library is likely to have specific information (e.g., where and how deep to drill) onlyabout American (especially West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio) oil fields.Nigeria is also a major oil country (in 1995 it ranked twelfth in proven reserves).In 1632, it was notdominated by any European power, and it is convenient from a transportation standpoint; oil could beshipped by sea all the way from Nigeria to Germany.This isn't as cheap on a per mile basis as pumpingit through a pipeline, but it is certainly superior to transporting it by rail from Baku or Ploiesti.However, an expedition to Nigeria is not for the faint-hearted.The Encyclopedia Americana will tellGrantville residents (and spies) to look for oil in the Niger river delta (first discovered there in theFifties).What they won't know, until they get there, is that the oil fields are in swampland, and that theywill probably need to drill from barges.Where Is Oil Found?Oil is a liquid rock.In fact, another name for oil petroleum means "rock oil." Oil is formed primarilyfrom marine sediments rich in organic matter (bacterial, plant, and animal remains).These deposits areusually found along the rims of ancient ocean basins, where sea life was most abundant.In these basins,as more and more sediment was deposited, the layers below were compacted, becoming rock.Thecompaction also resulted in physical and chemical changes in the organic matter, eventually resulting inthe formation of oil in the pores of this source rock.Further compaction drove the oil out.The first criterion for the formation of a useable oil pool is that the oil find its way into a suitablereservoir rock.This must be porous (so it can hold the oil) and permeable (the pore are interconnected,so oil can flow into and out of it).Think of the rock as being like a can filled with marbles.The usualreservoir rocks are sandstones and limestones.file:///K|/eMule/Incoming/Flint,%20Eric%20-%20Ring%20.Gazette%20Vol%204%20(.html%20v3.0)/1011250008__10.htm (8 of 31)4-1-2007 2:19:52 - Chapter 10Since oil is lighter than water, it constantly tries to migrate upward and outward.If it not somehowtrapped, it will pass out of the reservoir rock, eventually reaching the surface, evaporating, andbecoming lost to the atmosphere.Thus, to have a viable oil reservoir, it is therefore not enough to have agood reservoir rock; one must have an oil "trap."The trap is formed of a rock which is relatively impermeable to oil.This is sometimes called the caprock.Shales make excellent cap rocks.Of course, to form a trap, the cap rocks must be positioned toprevent the upward and horizontal movement of the oil in the reservoir rock.This kind of positioningcan occur as a result of the folding or faulting of the earth's crust.The same structures which trap oil can also trap gas, and the same field can produce both fossil fuels.Prospecting for OilEven if you know that there is oil in, say, Saudi Arabia, you still have to find it [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.file:///K|/eMule/Incoming/Flint,%20Eric%20-%20Ring%20.Gazette%20Vol%204%20(.html%20v3.0)/1011250008__10.htm (7 of 31)4-1-2007 2:19:52 - Chapter 10The Trinidadian reservoirs, when intact, have a high gas pressure.That is both good news (initialproduction can be high) and bad news (the well may blow wild, wasting oil and blasting casing, toolsand rocks into the air).It became customary to keep an emergency crew on hand, armed with pumps,shovels and picks.Venezuela also has a great deal of oil; in 1996 it ranked sixth worldwide in proven oil reserves.Its oil isalready known to down-timers; "the first oil exported from Venezuela (in 1539) was intended as a gouttreatment for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles." At Guanoco you can find the Bermudez Asphalt Lake,covering 1,100 acres with an average depth of six feet.In what would have become the United States, were it not for the Ring of Fire, oil and natural gas can befound in the Appalachian mountains (Pennsylvania and West Virginia), in the midcontinent region(Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas), in the Rocky mountains (Coloradoand Wyoming), in California, and in Alaska.(There is also oil in Alberta, Canada.)In our own timeline, beginning in 1638, the New Sweden Company established colonies in modernDelaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland.It is possible that a similar venture in the 163xtimeline could exploit the petroleum of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but it is doubtful that it wouldbe economical for them to ship it back to USE.Still, an advantage of an American expedition is that theGrantville Public Library is likely to have specific information (e.g., where and how deep to drill) onlyabout American (especially West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio) oil fields.Nigeria is also a major oil country (in 1995 it ranked twelfth in proven reserves).In 1632, it was notdominated by any European power, and it is convenient from a transportation standpoint; oil could beshipped by sea all the way from Nigeria to Germany.This isn't as cheap on a per mile basis as pumpingit through a pipeline, but it is certainly superior to transporting it by rail from Baku or Ploiesti.However, an expedition to Nigeria is not for the faint-hearted.The Encyclopedia Americana will tellGrantville residents (and spies) to look for oil in the Niger river delta (first discovered there in theFifties).What they won't know, until they get there, is that the oil fields are in swampland, and that theywill probably need to drill from barges.Where Is Oil Found?Oil is a liquid rock.In fact, another name for oil petroleum means "rock oil." Oil is formed primarilyfrom marine sediments rich in organic matter (bacterial, plant, and animal remains).These deposits areusually found along the rims of ancient ocean basins, where sea life was most abundant.In these basins,as more and more sediment was deposited, the layers below were compacted, becoming rock.Thecompaction also resulted in physical and chemical changes in the organic matter, eventually resulting inthe formation of oil in the pores of this source rock.Further compaction drove the oil out.The first criterion for the formation of a useable oil pool is that the oil find its way into a suitablereservoir rock.This must be porous (so it can hold the oil) and permeable (the pore are interconnected,so oil can flow into and out of it).Think of the rock as being like a can filled with marbles.The usualreservoir rocks are sandstones and limestones.file:///K|/eMule/Incoming/Flint,%20Eric%20-%20Ring%20.Gazette%20Vol%204%20(.html%20v3.0)/1011250008__10.htm (8 of 31)4-1-2007 2:19:52 - Chapter 10Since oil is lighter than water, it constantly tries to migrate upward and outward.If it not somehowtrapped, it will pass out of the reservoir rock, eventually reaching the surface, evaporating, andbecoming lost to the atmosphere.Thus, to have a viable oil reservoir, it is therefore not enough to have agood reservoir rock; one must have an oil "trap."The trap is formed of a rock which is relatively impermeable to oil.This is sometimes called the caprock.Shales make excellent cap rocks.Of course, to form a trap, the cap rocks must be positioned toprevent the upward and horizontal movement of the oil in the reservoir rock.This kind of positioningcan occur as a result of the folding or faulting of the earth's crust.The same structures which trap oil can also trap gas, and the same field can produce both fossil fuels.Prospecting for OilEven if you know that there is oil in, say, Saudi Arabia, you still have to find it [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]