[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Centres of Nonjuring activity were also to be found inboth the ancient English Universities, and particularly at St.John s College,Cambridge, while Oxford s ancient loyalty to the Stuart cause had foundnew vigour in the aftermath of the 1715 Jacobite Rising.4 Like their sepa-rated brethren in the conforming Church of England, many Nonjuringclergy at this time continued to be university-educated, even though scru-ples over the oaths prevented most new recruits from taking their degrees.Unsurprisingly, therefore, some, like Thomas Brett and Richard Rawlinson,took advantage of the leisure afforded by relative freedom from pastoralresponsibility to continue to make important contributions to liturgicaland antiquarian studies, while others, such as Nathaniel Spinckes andWilliam Law, made distinguished contributions to a common Anglicanstore of devotional and controversial writing.The first of the two books to be considered in this essay, A Vindication ofthe Church of England and of the Lawful Ministry thereof: that is to say, Of theSuccession, Election, Confirmation and Consecration of Bishops; as also of theOrdination of Priests and Deacons, was a translation, extension and commen-tary on a work first published by Francis Mason in 1613.It was re-publishedin 1728, edited and updated by John Lindsay (1686 1768) who, in amanner common amongst Nonjurors, styled himself on the title pagesimply as a Priest of the Church of England. Mason s original work had longbeen regarded as the most effective and substantial refutation of theso-called Nag s Head Fable ,5 deployed to damaging effect by Catholicapologists to cast doubt on the validity of Matthew Parker s consecrationto the episcopate in 1559, but in Lindsay s updated version it served alsoto undermine claims that a regular and valid ministry could be foundamongst English dissenters and other non-episcopal churches.A native ofCheshire, Lindsay probably attended St Mary Hall in Oxford, but took nodegree before being ordained deacon and priest in 1717 by the Nonjuringbishop Henry Gandy (1649 1734) at Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate, London.In1741, on the death of Bishop John Blackbourne, he went on to assumeresponsibility for the Nonjuring congregation at Blackbourne s oratoryin Gray s Inn.Although Lindsay s Jacobitism was plainly attested in hisanonymously-published but widely-circulated Short History of the RegalSuccession (1731), this is said not to have prevented him from attaining 9780230_222571_10_cha08.pdf 10/21/09 2:28 PM Page 169Richard Sharp 169eminence in 1750, as chaplain to the Tory-Jacobite Lord Mayor, JohnBlachford.In 1768, at the time of his death, he was one of the lastNonjuring clergymen in London.The second work, published in 1732, is a text of the history of the Churchof Durham by the twelfth-century monk, Symeon, edited by ThomasBedford (1707 1773), a Nonjuror, with a prefatory essay by Thomas Rudd(1668 1733), an antiquary who held preferment in the conforming Churchof England as a Prebendary of Ripon and Rector of the wealthy living ofWashington in County Durham.Thomas Bedford was the son of HilkiahBedford, a Nonjuring bishop.Although an outstanding student, he leftSt.John s College, Cambridge, without taking a degree, on account of theOaths.6 Immediately after finishing work on this book, in 1731, he receivedOrders in the Nonjuring Church, as Lindsay had done, at the hands ofBishop Henry Gandy.He then spent five years at Angers in France, as chap-lain to the exiled Jacobite family of Sir Robert Cotton, before returningto England, where he stayed, first, at Burnhall near Durham with hisbrother-in-law, the Nonjuring bishop George Smith, before moving in 1741to Ashbourne in Derbyshire, where he remained for more than thirty yearsuntil his death, travelling to minister to scattered and dwindling Nonjuringcongregations as far away as Chester and York.The two works are, in some ways, very different.Bedford s volume is ascholarly edition of an academic text, while Lindsay s book, which assertsthe claim of the clergy of the Church of England to the inheritance of theLevitical priesthood as incorporated into the Christian Church at its found-ation and then transmitted through the bishops by regular succession, wasa topical contribution to a long-running debate.It provided a substantialdefence of the English model of reformed episcopacy at a time when theold arguments of Roman and dissenting critics were reviving, notably inresponse to the renegade French Catholic Fr.Pierre Francois le Courayer,whose Dissertation on the Validity of the Ordinations of the English (1723) hadargued in defence of the regularity of the English episcopal succession andthe validity of Anglican orders.However, by building on Mason s ori-ginal arguments and drawing on subsequent writers, including JohnBarwick, John Bramhall, Jeremy Collier, John Cosin, Henry Hammondand Peter Heylyn, Lindsay evoked an inheritance that was common toNonjuring and conforming clergy alike, in much the same way thatBedford s book appealed to a shared sense of local identity in the north-eastand particularly at Durham.Although the tone of Lindsay s work is conciliatory, his treatment ofpost-Reformation English Church history reveals a distinctively Nonjuringperspective.Politically-aware contemporaries would have noted manydeliberate resonances, particularly in Lindsay s treatment of the experi-ence of the English Church under Mary Tudor and during the Great Rebel-lion.In the first case, he declared, the bishops deprived by Queen Mary 9780230_222571_10_cha08.pdf 10/21/09 2:28 PM Page 170170 Loyalty and Identity & continued& the true and lawful Bishops of their respective Sees till theirdeath and those who were put into their full sees during their liveswere& Intruders and Usurpers (p.xxviii).Later, in Oliver Cromwell s time, & the Pulpits and Revenues of the Church being usurp d by Schismaticks,who had consciences large enough to comply with those pretended HigherPowers, in opposition to the known rights both of the Church and theCrown, the Bishops were driven into the Wilderness, and the OrthodoxClergy in general reduc d to a necessity of feeding their Flocks in Cornersand Secret Places; where they religiously dispens d the word and sacra-ments of God, at all hazards& in private Oratories, or upper-rooms, as thePrimitive Christians did in times of the like persecution for the benefit ofsuch Orthodox Persons as were steady in their adherence to the principlesof true Religion and Loyalty (pp.lxix lxx) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Centres of Nonjuring activity were also to be found inboth the ancient English Universities, and particularly at St.John s College,Cambridge, while Oxford s ancient loyalty to the Stuart cause had foundnew vigour in the aftermath of the 1715 Jacobite Rising.4 Like their sepa-rated brethren in the conforming Church of England, many Nonjuringclergy at this time continued to be university-educated, even though scru-ples over the oaths prevented most new recruits from taking their degrees.Unsurprisingly, therefore, some, like Thomas Brett and Richard Rawlinson,took advantage of the leisure afforded by relative freedom from pastoralresponsibility to continue to make important contributions to liturgicaland antiquarian studies, while others, such as Nathaniel Spinckes andWilliam Law, made distinguished contributions to a common Anglicanstore of devotional and controversial writing.The first of the two books to be considered in this essay, A Vindication ofthe Church of England and of the Lawful Ministry thereof: that is to say, Of theSuccession, Election, Confirmation and Consecration of Bishops; as also of theOrdination of Priests and Deacons, was a translation, extension and commen-tary on a work first published by Francis Mason in 1613.It was re-publishedin 1728, edited and updated by John Lindsay (1686 1768) who, in amanner common amongst Nonjurors, styled himself on the title pagesimply as a Priest of the Church of England. Mason s original work had longbeen regarded as the most effective and substantial refutation of theso-called Nag s Head Fable ,5 deployed to damaging effect by Catholicapologists to cast doubt on the validity of Matthew Parker s consecrationto the episcopate in 1559, but in Lindsay s updated version it served alsoto undermine claims that a regular and valid ministry could be foundamongst English dissenters and other non-episcopal churches.A native ofCheshire, Lindsay probably attended St Mary Hall in Oxford, but took nodegree before being ordained deacon and priest in 1717 by the Nonjuringbishop Henry Gandy (1649 1734) at Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate, London.In1741, on the death of Bishop John Blackbourne, he went on to assumeresponsibility for the Nonjuring congregation at Blackbourne s oratoryin Gray s Inn.Although Lindsay s Jacobitism was plainly attested in hisanonymously-published but widely-circulated Short History of the RegalSuccession (1731), this is said not to have prevented him from attaining 9780230_222571_10_cha08.pdf 10/21/09 2:28 PM Page 169Richard Sharp 169eminence in 1750, as chaplain to the Tory-Jacobite Lord Mayor, JohnBlachford.In 1768, at the time of his death, he was one of the lastNonjuring clergymen in London.The second work, published in 1732, is a text of the history of the Churchof Durham by the twelfth-century monk, Symeon, edited by ThomasBedford (1707 1773), a Nonjuror, with a prefatory essay by Thomas Rudd(1668 1733), an antiquary who held preferment in the conforming Churchof England as a Prebendary of Ripon and Rector of the wealthy living ofWashington in County Durham.Thomas Bedford was the son of HilkiahBedford, a Nonjuring bishop.Although an outstanding student, he leftSt.John s College, Cambridge, without taking a degree, on account of theOaths.6 Immediately after finishing work on this book, in 1731, he receivedOrders in the Nonjuring Church, as Lindsay had done, at the hands ofBishop Henry Gandy.He then spent five years at Angers in France, as chap-lain to the exiled Jacobite family of Sir Robert Cotton, before returningto England, where he stayed, first, at Burnhall near Durham with hisbrother-in-law, the Nonjuring bishop George Smith, before moving in 1741to Ashbourne in Derbyshire, where he remained for more than thirty yearsuntil his death, travelling to minister to scattered and dwindling Nonjuringcongregations as far away as Chester and York.The two works are, in some ways, very different.Bedford s volume is ascholarly edition of an academic text, while Lindsay s book, which assertsthe claim of the clergy of the Church of England to the inheritance of theLevitical priesthood as incorporated into the Christian Church at its found-ation and then transmitted through the bishops by regular succession, wasa topical contribution to a long-running debate.It provided a substantialdefence of the English model of reformed episcopacy at a time when theold arguments of Roman and dissenting critics were reviving, notably inresponse to the renegade French Catholic Fr.Pierre Francois le Courayer,whose Dissertation on the Validity of the Ordinations of the English (1723) hadargued in defence of the regularity of the English episcopal succession andthe validity of Anglican orders.However, by building on Mason s ori-ginal arguments and drawing on subsequent writers, including JohnBarwick, John Bramhall, Jeremy Collier, John Cosin, Henry Hammondand Peter Heylyn, Lindsay evoked an inheritance that was common toNonjuring and conforming clergy alike, in much the same way thatBedford s book appealed to a shared sense of local identity in the north-eastand particularly at Durham.Although the tone of Lindsay s work is conciliatory, his treatment ofpost-Reformation English Church history reveals a distinctively Nonjuringperspective.Politically-aware contemporaries would have noted manydeliberate resonances, particularly in Lindsay s treatment of the experi-ence of the English Church under Mary Tudor and during the Great Rebel-lion.In the first case, he declared, the bishops deprived by Queen Mary 9780230_222571_10_cha08.pdf 10/21/09 2:28 PM Page 170170 Loyalty and Identity & continued& the true and lawful Bishops of their respective Sees till theirdeath and those who were put into their full sees during their liveswere& Intruders and Usurpers (p.xxviii).Later, in Oliver Cromwell s time, & the Pulpits and Revenues of the Church being usurp d by Schismaticks,who had consciences large enough to comply with those pretended HigherPowers, in opposition to the known rights both of the Church and theCrown, the Bishops were driven into the Wilderness, and the OrthodoxClergy in general reduc d to a necessity of feeding their Flocks in Cornersand Secret Places; where they religiously dispens d the word and sacra-ments of God, at all hazards& in private Oratories, or upper-rooms, as thePrimitive Christians did in times of the like persecution for the benefit ofsuch Orthodox Persons as were steady in their adherence to the principlesof true Religion and Loyalty (pp.lxix lxx) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]