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.On the other hand, there is an increased use of symbols not normally part of the traditional punctuation system, such as the #.26 Unusual combinations of punctuation marks can occur, such as (to express pause) ellipsis dots (…) in any number, repeated hyphens (—), or the repeated use of commas (,,,, ).Emphasis and attitude can result in exaggerated or random use of punctuation, such as!!!!!!! or £ S / £ S / %!.Some odd combinations of punctuation marks can appear at the end of a sentence: Is this true of Yahoo!? (where the exclamation mark is part of the name).All of these may of course also be found in traditional informal writing.27Rather different are the symbols borrowed from programming languages, which appear in hacker-influenced interactions, such as an initial exclamation mark to express negation (!interesting = not interesting) or an arrow to express location (dc ← holyhead = 'dc lives in holyhead').And new combinations of punctuation marks can be given fresh values, as in the case of smileys (p.36).Underbars are usually used to express underlining, as in the name of a text, though other pairs of marks will be seen:I've been reading Hamlet I've been reading #Hamlet# I've been reading =Hamlet= I've been reading \Hamlet/A potential contrastivity seems to be emerging, in the use of some pairs, notably the scope of emphasis indicated by the asterisk.The following two sentences convey rather different effects:This is a * very * important point.This is a * very ** important ** point.*The latter is much slower and more emphatic.However, the aste risk is still developing a range of other functions, and is at times used somewhat idiosyncratically.For example, some users mark imaginary actions or facial expressions by asterisks (e.g.* grin *, * groan *), though a more widely used convention is the angle bracket (e.g., ).Similarly, people use the caret (∧) in a variety of ways, sometimes as an emphasis signal, sometimes as part of a more sophisticated convention, such as the ∧H sequence used in one kind of programming notation to mark an erasure of the preceding symbol.Hence, if someone typedHear what my mad∧H∧H∧Hnice computer has done now.-this would be equivalent to sayingHear what my nice computer has done nowbut by showing the 'erased' element, the sentence adds an ironic effect.Virtually any piece of programming notation might be encountered in hacker-influenced conversation, and thus end up as a part of Netspeak in general.For example, the angle brackets used in HTML in pairs, to indicate the beginning and end of a command (the latter preceded by a forward slash), can be seen in such pseudo-instructions as:I've got an interview tomorrow - You've got no sense at allThe most general features of Netspeak distinctiveness are currently found chiefly in graphology and the lexicon-the levels of language where it is relatively easy to introduce innovation and deviation.As with language change in general, grammatical variation is less frequent or widespread.When it does occur it tends to be restricted to a particular situation or group of users.For example, the phenomenon of verb reduplication occurs in some chatgroups, and occasionally elsewhere, but as yet is not a universally encountered feature.A verb (from a fairly small set) is used twice in immediate succession to express a range of functions, such as an expression of pleasure or pain, as a sarcastic or exasperated reaction, or simply as a turn-taking marker, showing that an utterance is ended.You should see the reaction.Flame, flame.How about that! Win, win.['the program has performed successfully']I deleted your message.Lose, lose! ['I'm stupid']What you do that for? Barf, barf.['I'm disgusted']Reduplication is sometimes seen elsewhere-for example, jokey topic groups on Usenet sometimes use a triple final element, as in alt.sadistic.dentists.drill.drill.drill.But on the whole the effect has limited Internet presence.Likewise, the use of programming devices that affect or replace conventional grammatical constructions tends to be very restricted in its occurrence.For example, the symbol P (a notation from the programming language LISP) is sometimes added at the end of a word to turn it into a question, usually of a 'yes/no' type:GlobeP = are you going to the Globe?Cognoscenti might respond with T ['true'] or NIL ['no'].Again, the effect is indicative of a restricted genre among in-group enthusiasts rather than of a productive strategy being employed by Internet users in general.Features of this kind, along with associated discourse features, are thus best discussed in relation to the individual Internet situation in which they occur.This chapter has discussed the main linguistic features which people consider to be part of Netspeak.In some cases, the features are genuinely present, encountered on most online visits [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.On the other hand, there is an increased use of symbols not normally part of the traditional punctuation system, such as the #.26 Unusual combinations of punctuation marks can occur, such as (to express pause) ellipsis dots (…) in any number, repeated hyphens (—), or the repeated use of commas (,,,, ).Emphasis and attitude can result in exaggerated or random use of punctuation, such as!!!!!!! or £ S / £ S / %!.Some odd combinations of punctuation marks can appear at the end of a sentence: Is this true of Yahoo!? (where the exclamation mark is part of the name).All of these may of course also be found in traditional informal writing.27Rather different are the symbols borrowed from programming languages, which appear in hacker-influenced interactions, such as an initial exclamation mark to express negation (!interesting = not interesting) or an arrow to express location (dc ← holyhead = 'dc lives in holyhead').And new combinations of punctuation marks can be given fresh values, as in the case of smileys (p.36).Underbars are usually used to express underlining, as in the name of a text, though other pairs of marks will be seen:I've been reading Hamlet I've been reading #Hamlet# I've been reading =Hamlet= I've been reading \Hamlet/A potential contrastivity seems to be emerging, in the use of some pairs, notably the scope of emphasis indicated by the asterisk.The following two sentences convey rather different effects:This is a * very * important point.This is a * very ** important ** point.*The latter is much slower and more emphatic.However, the aste risk is still developing a range of other functions, and is at times used somewhat idiosyncratically.For example, some users mark imaginary actions or facial expressions by asterisks (e.g.* grin *, * groan *), though a more widely used convention is the angle bracket (e.g., ).Similarly, people use the caret (∧) in a variety of ways, sometimes as an emphasis signal, sometimes as part of a more sophisticated convention, such as the ∧H sequence used in one kind of programming notation to mark an erasure of the preceding symbol.Hence, if someone typedHear what my mad∧H∧H∧Hnice computer has done now.-this would be equivalent to sayingHear what my nice computer has done nowbut by showing the 'erased' element, the sentence adds an ironic effect.Virtually any piece of programming notation might be encountered in hacker-influenced conversation, and thus end up as a part of Netspeak in general.For example, the angle brackets used in HTML in pairs, to indicate the beginning and end of a command (the latter preceded by a forward slash), can be seen in such pseudo-instructions as:I've got an interview tomorrow - You've got no sense at allThe most general features of Netspeak distinctiveness are currently found chiefly in graphology and the lexicon-the levels of language where it is relatively easy to introduce innovation and deviation.As with language change in general, grammatical variation is less frequent or widespread.When it does occur it tends to be restricted to a particular situation or group of users.For example, the phenomenon of verb reduplication occurs in some chatgroups, and occasionally elsewhere, but as yet is not a universally encountered feature.A verb (from a fairly small set) is used twice in immediate succession to express a range of functions, such as an expression of pleasure or pain, as a sarcastic or exasperated reaction, or simply as a turn-taking marker, showing that an utterance is ended.You should see the reaction.Flame, flame.How about that! Win, win.['the program has performed successfully']I deleted your message.Lose, lose! ['I'm stupid']What you do that for? Barf, barf.['I'm disgusted']Reduplication is sometimes seen elsewhere-for example, jokey topic groups on Usenet sometimes use a triple final element, as in alt.sadistic.dentists.drill.drill.drill.But on the whole the effect has limited Internet presence.Likewise, the use of programming devices that affect or replace conventional grammatical constructions tends to be very restricted in its occurrence.For example, the symbol P (a notation from the programming language LISP) is sometimes added at the end of a word to turn it into a question, usually of a 'yes/no' type:GlobeP = are you going to the Globe?Cognoscenti might respond with T ['true'] or NIL ['no'].Again, the effect is indicative of a restricted genre among in-group enthusiasts rather than of a productive strategy being employed by Internet users in general.Features of this kind, along with associated discourse features, are thus best discussed in relation to the individual Internet situation in which they occur.This chapter has discussed the main linguistic features which people consider to be part of Netspeak.In some cases, the features are genuinely present, encountered on most online visits [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]